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Bats face new perils from climate change
By: Darren Lloyd
November 15, 2012
A change in prey abundance due to climate change could impact the lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis blythii). Photo by: Christoph F. Robiller.
"Bats were the focus for this study because they are relatively understudied but due to their sensitivity to environmental stress, they are excellent indicators of climate change," Hayley Ann Sherwin, co-author of the paper published in Mammal Review, with the Queen University in Belfast, told mongabay.com.
Hayley, along with Ian Montgomery and Mathieu Lundy, analyzed 47 species, across Europe and Northern Africa, and found that 38 of 47 (81 percent) species were at risk from climate change.
"This article reveals that climate change has the potential to change aspects of every stage of a bat's lifecycle e.g. feeding, reproduction, growth and hibernation," says Sherwin.
Bats are one of the most diverse and dispersed groups of mammals, therefore are subjected to a wide variety of climates and conditions. They also form vital components in many ecosystems as they are involved in pollination, predator and prey interactions, and seed dispersal; even bat guano is a rich food source for many decomposers.
 The straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) could be impacted by climate change due to changes in fruit and flower availability. Photo by: Fritz Geller-Grimm. |
Foraging is one example: insectivorous bats depend on food that is highly sensitive to climatic changes. Insects depend on water for reproduction, so reduced rainfall could mean fewer numbers for bats to eat. Fruit-eating species will likely be affected too, as fruit production is often tied to temperature and rainfall.
Species inhabiting regions more likely to become water-stressed (Africa, parts of Asia and the Caribbean) are at high risk, in particular lactating females that require more frequent water loading (since milk production is largely contingent on water).
Roosting is another important process of a bats' lifecycle for resting, raising young, torpor (a form of sleep bats require daily to conserve energy) and seasonal hibernation that may make them vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperatures can cause early awakening; if this occurs before food levels are high enough, starvation is a possibility.
Species specializing in particular roost types could be at greatest risk i.e. those that roost in caves and trees. Eleven species were noted to be at risk due to roosting behaviour says the report.
Reproduction of the 47 species reviewed may not be affected by climate change the authors say, however they recommend more research to find the links associated between climate change and bat reproductive behavior.
Bats that persist in small home ranges, migrate seasonal, and those live in high altitude or latitude ranges are at the greatest risk of climate change.
Changes in climate could potentially leave such species with nowhere to go. The authors suggest that 31 of the 47 species are at risk due to one or more of these factors.
The scientists also warn that extreme weather is likely to affect those occupying the tropics. Still, as climate changes' effect on extreme weather conditions is currently difficult to predict, no estimates were made on numbers of species at risk.
"Climate change will not have a uniform effect on all bat species; some are more vulnerable than others, depending on their feeding, roosting and reproductive strategies," says Sherwin, adding that "considering current temperature increases are only one fifth, or less, of those predicted over the next century, it seems like bats, like many organisms, will face challenges at one or more stages of their lifecycle."
While understanding the impacts of climate changes on bats is still at a preliminary stage, the review has helped provide a base for bats to be incorporated into future frameworks of risk assessment.
CITATION: Sherwin, Hayley A.; Montgomery, W. Ian; Lundy, Mathieu G. The impact and implications of climate change for bats. Mammal Review. 2012. 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00214.x.
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